Brazilian Worker's Party System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brazilian Worker's Party System - Essay Example According to Borges (2011), the Brazilian party system has always been associated with clientelism; hence, today, the country has a more stable party system. However, the two parties that seem to overrule the rest during presidential elections are the worker’s party (PT) and the party of Brazilian social democracy (PSDB). Hence, according to Love (2009, pp 38), during the times of President Lula, the Brazilian politicians were known to bribe citizens in poor regions by offering them pork so that they could vote for them; cash handout was also common during polling. Some of the political parties also created a client group, whose aim was to vote for a certain party. According to Mainwaring (1999 pp 5), â€Å"parties have weak roots in society and limited legitimacy and exercise little influence over congressional representatives.† He adds that Brazil has severally reshaped and dissolved party systems formation as follows, in 1889, 1930, 1937, 1965 and 1979. Moreover, Mai nwaring (1997 pp 8) notes that the Brazilian political systems are less disciplined compared to the American political parties. Further, â€Å"instability, fragility, fragmentation, non-differentiation, lack of cohesiveness and representativeness are the words to describe political parties in Brazil† (Kinzo, 1993, pp 139). This is due to lack of democracy in any party in the country in the earlier years.Rules have also been put in place; however, these rules tend to favor parties that are undisciplined, decentralized, and individualistic. In addition, the author describes the weak parties as a hindrance to popular representation in politics, thus sustaining elicit politics. Politicians were hence seen as the main drive to represent their parties. However, the weak parties disadvantaged the establishment of accountability through parties; for instance, the weaknesses of some political parties interfered with leadership in Brazil (Mainwaring, 1999, pp 6). According to Mainwarin g (1997 pp 3), party discipline is essential in any political system since it influences how well the legislatures and executives function and interact. When parties are undisciplined, there is a high possibility of the government to be unstable and ineffective, and interferes with the

Hofstede Cultural Difference Critiques Essay Example for Free

Hofstede Cultural Difference Critiques Essay Arguably, Hofstede’s work (1980, 1997) represents a pioneering approach of culture as a way of comparing international management frameworks. First of all, prior to offering any evaluations in regards to McSweeney’s criticism (2002a/b), it is crucial to identify the nature of Hostede’s work within the entire sphere of the culture approach itself. In contrast to the guarantors of the emic approach , whose main concepts tend to discard the equalization and standardization of dimensions in national cultures’ comparisons, the pillars of Hofstede’s work, which belong to the etic approach , are based on 5 dimensions whereby national differences are then measured. In other words, from the emic standpoint it is also arguable that the etic research methodology, as aiming to identify equalities among national differences, would risk throwing out the baby with the bath water . On the other hand, from the emic perspective, dividing the culture into a set of defined scopes stands as the only way to actually enable researchers to compare cultures . Having briefly introduced the shortcomings related to both approaches, McSweeney’s critiques can now be narrowed down to a specific scope, which is mainly encompassed with Hofstede’s research methodology. Research Validity  In light of the importance for any researches to provide clear definitions on the specific research concepts and key words, the first part of this essay will evolve on contextualizing the meaning of culture within Hofstede’s work, thus, giving ground to McSweeney’s relevant sources of criticism. Geert (1980) has defined culture as the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another. McSweeney essentially critiques Hofstede’s adoption of nations as means of cultural comparisons, scorning the territoriality uniqueness of culture in primis. In regards to this issue, Hofstede in a second stage (2002: 1356) acknowledges that nations are not the ideal elements for studying cultures, yet this is the only way researchers could have access to comparable units. Predictably, thousands of other author’s contributions in regards to the definition of culture would make this argument even more complex. For the sake of this analysis, emphasis would be given to the arguments in regards to the research methodology. Research Reliability: Research Sample The first criticism which may arise is likely to involve the representativeness of Hofstede’s research sample. In more details, he argues that 117,000 questionnaires for two surveys, covering 66 countries would be enough to ensure the research reliability. From my point of view, McSweeney’s critiques result founded when analysing the sampling framework in more details. CountryNumber of Respondents for Each Country Belgium, France, Great Britain, Germany, Japan and Sweden (6 countries)More than 1000 Chile, Columbia, Greece, Hong Kong, Iran, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Turkey (15 countries)Less than 200 [Tab. 1] As it can be seen by the table (Tab. ), in 15 countries the sample size is composed by less than 200 respondents, which results to be extremely small compared to other countries with over 1000 respondents. To couple this argument, McSweeney discusses about the narrowness of the population surveyed as respondents were all IBM employees, mainly involved with the marketing and sales departments. Hofstede’s reply ( 2002), stating that this sample’s framework had only been used in order to isolate the national culture differences from both the organizational and occupational culture, seems however to give rise to other arguments. As McSweeney’s (2002a: 95-99) argues, respondents’ cultural framework is made up by three non-interacting and durable levels of culture (Tab. 2). At the first level, the assumptions which would free this model from any shortcomings would be that there is only one IBM culture and that there is also a common worldwide occupational culture for each job (Hofstede 1980a: 181). What are these assumptions based on? According to McSweeney (2002a: 96), these assumptions are â€Å"too crude and implausible to underpin Hofstede’s emphatic empirical claims† . Following the thread of his argument we come across a situation where assuming that an IBM employee, whether in a developed USA head office or a new opened branch office in Pakistan, will possess the same identical organizational and occupational culture does become hard to encompass. In response to this argument, Hofstede acknowledges that considerable differences exist at the â€Å"organizational level† (1991: 93), yet it redefines the entire organizational culture as a mere set of â€Å"shared perceptions of daily practices† (1991: 182-3), therefore distancing from the early-stage value-based definition. According to McSweeney (2002b), this is only a failed attempt to deliver a straightforward concept and definition of organizational culture. Back to Culture Hofstede’s vision of culture is often linked to two different concepts, unique national tendency and central tendency, respectively. In the first case, as pointed out by McSweeney, the national uniformity which Hofstede claims to have found, results to have no valid grounds as it derives from a very specific micro-level (IBM). Secondly, in regards to the claimed average tendency, the heterogeneity of questionnaires’ responses completely contradicts this conceptualization at the first place. As cited from Jacob (2005), â€Å"if exceptions to the rule are as numerous as the rule itself† to what extent could predictions based on that rule be reliable? In many countries, McSweeney argues, the typical IBM employee would at a high extent diverge from the general population. That is to say that an IBM employee in Taiwan would not necessarily reflect Taiwan’s population average individual, especially when we are talking about someone who holds a managerial position in a multinational firm. This concept brings us to another aspect of McSweeney’s criticism (2002a:92), â€Å"culture treated as a mere epiphenomenon, completely casual†, as conceptualized by Hofstede, it would look like something which moves along the history â€Å"enduring†, yet it is not subject to radical changes due to fluctuating social, economic and institutional trends (Tab. 3). Questionnaire and Dimensions Arguably, the questionnaire itself also presents some limitations. Firstly aimed to investigate the employees’ morale at IBM, it also resulted to reflect some values that, for Hofstede, could have been used to unveil the national cultural differences’ myth. Citing one of his research questions, â€Å"How long do you think you will continue working for this company? †(1980 Appendix 1) , it is obviously clear there would be differences in whether this question is being asked in a country, say, the USA, with plentiful employment vacancies, or in a country, say Thailand where at the time of the research the unemployment rate was comparatively high. Under these circumstances, it is extremely hard to assume that the respondents were not influenced by other social, political and institutional factors (See Tab. 3). Therefore, his research’s entire reliability could be easily questioned on this basis. Despite ensuring the confidentiality of respondents’ answers, employees’ foreknowledge of the end objective of the survey might have easily encouraged them to assume a more positive attitude in order to support their divisions’ reputation. Arguably, the responses analysed by Hofstede were situationally restricted (McSweeney, 2002a: 107). In more details, the questions only reflected values related to the workplace, furthermore the surveys were exclusively directed within the workplace and were not tested in non-work place locations for both same respondents and others. In light of the first purpose of the questionnaire, it is spontaneous to raise a question in regards to the validity of the dimensions found by Hofstede. Could it be possible that a specialized study in cultural differences would have delineated different dimensions? In his response, Hofstede acknowledged that, although there may be some other dimensions equally important for the structuring of a comparative cultural analysis, relative questions were simply not asked. McSweeney with reference to Triadis (1994) argues that bi-polar dimensions of national cultures should not be comprised of opposite poles (for example: Individualism – Collectivism), but depending on the situations they could coexist. Under these principles, the work of Schwartz (1992) appears to give a comparatively dynamic dimensions’ disposition. History and Research Validations In the last section of his book, Hofstede (1980: 326- 331) includes some historical and contemporary events which he states would validate his research findings. However, McSweeney (2002b) argues that these stories reveal nothing but justifications, leaving out the basics for an accurate confirmation. According to his analysis, Hosfstede’s assertion, â€Å"the more masculine a culture the more antagonistic are industrial relations, is flawed as the trends for working days lost in industrial disputes , in both Spain and the UK, result to vary enormously over time. In other words, we could argue that these fluctuations are highly influenced by political, economic and institutional changes. In the case of industrial relations’ disputes in Spain, after the death of Spanish dictator Franco in 1975, the level of working days was subject to a huge increase. Hofstede’s findings have also been validated by other studies, reflecting the same national cultural differences . This is one of the reasons why Hofstede’s work has so far been used in many disciplines as pioneer of the cultural approach in the sphere of comparative international management. Under these circumstances, as Hofstede states (2002 p. 1358), it is just not all about faith in his research, but it is the willingness of the society to accept his work as something which could be taken to a step further. In some cases, institutional factors, history, politics and economy do provide better explanations in this field, yet as Hofstede would argue, the cultural perspective does have his validity as it offers a complete different view on values embedded by people which do have an influence on their daily lives. Conclusion Arguably, some of Hofstede research framework’s features, especially the ones related to his research methodology, do present various shortcomings. However, the overall importance of cultural approach for national differences should be seen as undeniable (Koen, 2005). Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that after all, the main argument merely evolves on Hofstede’s claims to have â€Å"uncover[ed] the secrets of entire national cultures† (1980b: 44). Despite his book title narrowing the scope of its findings down to the work-place, â€Å"Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Place Values†, Hofstede, in many of his publications, seems to overestimate his findings. It is extremely important to acknowledge and appreciate the enormous contribution that Hofstede has made to the entire society’s understanding of international cultural differences. On the other hand, it is also crucial to stay away from the â€Å"taken for granted† approach when coming across such a complex topic. As mentioned in the preface, etic and emic approach despite having a different vision on how to measure and analyse culture, they could still be seen as two complementarities which could be extensively used for a more thorough research. In addition, although admitting that limitations in research methodology do hamper the objectivity of findings, the etic approach still stands as the unique way to allow researchers to obtain comparable quantitative data. I do also appreciate the contributions made by McSweeney, whose criticisms have enabled me to adopt a more critical line of thought in analysing this interesting topic. At some extent we could assume that Hofstede’s research is still a â€Å"work in progress†, eventually other advocates of the etic approach will take it to a more universal level, as some of other authors in this field have already done. I would like to conclude this essay with a quote from McSweeney (2002a: 90), when he states that Hofstede’s work could be dismissed as a misguided attempt to measure the unmeasurable .

Introduction to MS Excel

Introduction to MS Excel Microsoft Word is a powerful word-processing program that will take your documents far beyond what you can produce with a typewriter. Whether you want to create a simple letter to a friend, produce a newsletter for a professional organization, or even write a complicated, multiple-page report containing graphics and tables with numerical data, you will find the information that you need to quickly and easily get the job done in Microsoft Office Word. History of Microsoft Word 1.1.2 Microsoft Word 1990 Microsoft Office for Windows is released otherwise known as Office 1.0 office 1.0 contains Word 1.1, Excel 2.0 and PowerPoint 2.0. In the same year as this release, Microsoft becomes the first company to exceed $1billion in sales in one year. 1.1.3 Microsoft Word 1998 Word 1998 for the Macintosh gained many features of Microsoft Word 1997, and was bundled with the Macintosh Office 98 package. Document compatibility reached parity with Office 97 and Word on the Mac became a viable business alternative to its Windows counterpart. Unfortunately, Word on the Mac in this and later releases also became vulnerable tofuture macro viruses that could compromise Word (and Excel) documents, leading to theonly situation where viruses could be cross-platform. A Windows version of this wasonly bundled with the Japanese/Korean Microsoft Office 97 Powered By Word 98 and could not be purchased separately. 1.1.4 Microsoft Word 2002/XP Microsoft Word 2002 was bundled with Office XP and it was released in 2001year. It had many of the same features as Microsoft Word 2000, but had a major new feature called the Task Panes, which gave quicker information and control to a lot of features that were before only available in a modal dialog boxes. One of the key advertising strategies for the software was there moval of the Office Assistant in favor of a new help system, although it was simply disabled by default. 1.1.5 Microsoft Word 2008 Microsoft Word 2008 is the most recent version of Microsoft Word for the Mac, released on January 15, 2008. It includes some new features from Word 2007, such as a ribbon-like feature that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. Microsoft Word 2008 also features native support for the new Office Open XML format, although the old doc format can be set as a default. 1.1.6 Microsoft Word 2010 The next version Microsoft Word is scheduled to be released sometime in 2010. It will include any new features common to other applications in Office 2010. Microsoft Word 2010 will have the new WordArt styles and effects replacing the old styles. 1.2 Advantages of Microsoft Word 1.2.1 Word Columns Newspapers, newsletters, magazines, and many websites format information in columns. Doing so allows for more flexibility in arranging topics within a larger document. In Word, using columns makes your information easy to find and read when creating newsletters and other documents. 1.2.2 Table You also have tables, which are a grid of columns and rows and great for comparing or following information across several columns. If you have used Microsoft Excel or another spreadsheet program, you will find working with tables in Word very similar. In fact, on a very small scale, Word tables are small spreadsheets. 1.2.3 Graphics You can also work with graphics, such as pictures, shapes, or diagrams. Using a few carefully placed graphics in your document can be just the enhancement the document needs to keep your reading audience interested. Youll learn how to place them into your document and manipulate their size, color, arrangement, and more. Working with Word graphics is fun and easy. 1.2.4 Longer Documents Theres more to Word than short letters and memos. Now that you are more comfortable with the basics of Word, you can view your documents from different perspectives and generally work with longer documents. In this part, youll discover outlines, mass mailings, and adding referencing information such as bibliographies, footnotes, tables of contents, and indexes. Using features like these makes creating legal briefs, annual reports, catalogs, and other complex documents much easier. 1.2.5 Printing In many cases short documents can be printed only once at the end of editing. However, even in this case the look at the printed copy can lead to some alterations in the document contents and layout. This is because we perceive the on-screen document and the printed document differently. Maybe this will change in the future, but nowadays this difference in perception still exists. Therefore, even in the case of short documents there may be more than one printing. The situation is different in the case of long documents, such as book, text books, theses, manuals. Printing the edited document or some of its parts is just a necessary part of the work on a large project, so printing is repeated many times while working on the publication. 1.2.6 Making Bibliography Usually a bibliography list is a list of book, journal articles, conference papers, patents, and unpublished works. Which is sorted either alphabetically by names of authors or in the order of appearance of the first reference to the cited work. Items of a bibliography list are usually denoted by numbers or other labels, which are used in the text for referring to sources. In books, textbooks, theses, and other extensive publications as a bibliography list is considered as a chapter level unit, so its title (the word References or Bibliography) should be formatted using the chapter heading style. For the same structural reasons, in such publications a bibliography list should start on an odd page. 1.2.7 Page Numbering Besides text, equations, figures, tables, and other element, representing the information, which an author wishes to pass to readers, there are also important elements used for navigation in the book. An absolutely necessary part of any monograph, thesis, diploma work, or a textbook, is pagination, or page numbering. Navigation in text without page numbers is cumbersome. Even the presence of the table of contents or a word index implies that all pages are numbered to make locating information easier. 2.0 Introduction to Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel, the most popular and powerful worksheet program in the world. What is worksheet program? A worksheet is a program with a huge grid designed to display data in rows and columns where you can create calculations to perform mathematical, logical, and other types of operations on the data you enter. You can sort the data, enhance it, and manipulate it a plethora of ways including creating powerful charts and graphs from it. Whether you need a list of names and addresses, or a document to calculate next years sales revenue base on prior years performance, Excel is the application you want to use. 2.1 History of Microsoft Excel Excel 1 The first version of Microsoft Excel, was released for Macintosh systems by years 1985. By developing Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh first, Microsoft was able to take advantage of systems graphical user interface (GUI) and mouse input device. They were also able to build up the programs reputation while avoiding direct competition with Lotus 1-2-3. Excel 2 and 3 In year 1987, Microsoft launched Microsoft Excel 2 along with its Windows operating system. Windows borrowed many of the features of the Macintosh interface, which allowed Microsoft to give Microsoft Excel 2 all the graphical refinements of the Microsoft Excel 1, such as pull-down menus and point-and-click interaction. Excel 2 and its next version, Excel 3 (1990) year, experienced some popularity, though Lotus 1-2-3 continued to dominate the market. Excel 4 and 5 Excel 4 was released by 1992 year, the same year that Windows 3.1 was released. With this release, Microsoft Excel finally begins to dominate the spreadsheet market. This also marks the first time that Excel is bundled as part of the Microsoft Office suite of programs. The next year an improved version of 4, called Excel 5, introduced many welcome changes. Excel 95-2003 In 1995, Microsoft released its first significant redesign of its Windows operating system, Windows 95. Excel also received a major reworking and re-branding; the new version was dubbed Excel 95, as were all of the programs in the Office suite. The next several versions of the software continued this branding, and saw the release of Excel 97, Excel 2000, Excel 2002 and Excel 2003. Each version saw improvements over its predecessor, though each was built upon the design established in Excel 95. Excel 2007 The newest release, Excel 2007, presented significant changes in both interface (such as the ribbon, replacing the traditional pull-down menu) and functionality. It was released in conjunction with the Microsoft Vista operating system, and carried many of the Vista design elements. 2.2 Advantages of Microsoft Excel 2.2.1 Create a Chart Microsoft Excel gives you tools for quickly generating a chart or visual representation of the numbers in your worksheet, Charts clarify patterns that can get lost in columns of numbers and text, and they make your data more accessible to people who are not familiar with, or do not want to delve into, the details, Charts can make a greater impression that rows and columns of numbers because the mind perceives, processes, and recalls visual information more quickly that textual or numerical information. In addition, shapes and colors have real impact. With using Microsoft Excel you can charts with dramatic visual appeal quickly and easily. Simply select the data you want to chart and then choose a chart type from the Insert tabs Chart group. Microsoft Excel provides several chart types from which to choose, including column, line, pie, bar, area, and scatter charts. In addition, each chart type has a number of subtype options. 2.2.2 Creating Formulas By using Microsoft Excel formula is an equation that performs a calculation. A formula can consist of operators, functions, numbers, text, and cell references. You place formulas in cells. You can click a cell and then type your formula into the formula bar or you can type your formula directly directly into a cell. 2.2.3 Paste Link into Word You can use Excel data within other programs, thereby extending your ability to use, analyze, and present your Excel data. In PowerPoint, you can use Excel worksheet to illustrate your presentations. You can add Excel data to Word or PowerPoint by using the copy and paste commands. The Copy command copies the Excel data. The Paste command places the copy in another document. When you copy and paste, if you make changes to the original Excel document, you must go into the Word or PowerPoint document and update it as well. You can also copy Excel data into Word or PowerPoint by using a paste link. When you use a paste link, if you alter Excel data in Word or PowerPoint, Office automatically updates the Excel source document. 2.2.4 Save After you complete the work of entering, formatting, analyzing, and charting your data, you can share it with others. Sharing data usually means either saving it and sharing the file, or saving it and sharing a print out. Microsoft Excel make your work easier to share with others. 2.2.5 Protect your worksheet You can protect your worksheet so others can view and print it but cannot make changes to it. You can also save your workbook as a template. By saving your workbook as a template, you eliminate the chore of recreating a special-purpose worksheet each time you need to use it. In addition, you can save documents in many formats. 2.2.6 Printing By using Microsoft Excel you can print multiple-page worksheets and multiple-sheet workbooks. You find out how to select noncontiguous cell ranges and print them and how to repeat row and column labels across several pages. The two key printing tools are the Page Setup dialog box and the Print Preview window. Familiarize yourself with the many choices they offer. 2.4 Conclusion Microsoft Word very useful for us, because anything also can write can be done on word. So reports, essays, projects, experimental write ups etc. It allows us to present projects in the same way that a professional would. It makes high quality presentation possible to everyone and therefore first impressions are normally good. We can import diagrams, photographs, tables, accounts, databases and even drawings into the document. Besides that, we can underline, make text bold and italic so as to emphasis a part of the document. It has a word andÂÂ  grammar checkerÂÂ  within the program so this allows me work to be much improved. It also helps the marker or teacher as it is very easy to read which is not always easy with the hand written word. Microsoft Excel is also very useful for us, because we can use Excel data within other programs, thereby extending your ability to use, analyze, and present your Excel data. In PowerPoint, we can use Excel worksheet to illustrate your presentations. We can add Excel data to Word or PowerPoint by using the copy and paste commands. Besides that, we also can protect our worksheet by using Microsoft Excel, so others can view and print it but cannot make changes to it. We can also save your workbook as a template. By saving our workbook as a template, we eliminate the chore of recreating a special-purpose worksheet each time you need to use it. In addition, we can save documents in many formats.

My New Political Ideology Essay -- Political Science Personal Narrativ

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A population’s views on political issues may change as different circumstances occur each day. The environment around us has a powerful influence on the decisions that we produce and the views that we as American citizens choose to hold. After a semester in political science class my views and my political ideology have altered. Today I will explain how political science class has influenced my political ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When this class initially began I was sure, without a doubt I was a conservative. As the semester progressed I discovered the reasons I was considered conservative. The town a person grows up in, financial status, social class, age, gender and the race of the individual have a strong influence on a individuals ideology. I knew I was conservative because I was raised with certain morals that still exist in my family today. Anaheim hills the town I grew up in, was and still is one of the most conservative cities in Orange County. A moderately white community full of affluent business owners, and my father was one of those affluent business owners. My father a very strong conservative taught me politics at an early age. As I grew older and made friends out of Anaheim hills, I found that most of the friends that I made had liberal views. All the issues I felt very strongly about were absolute opposite of my new friends. Being a teenager and very confused about the mat ter I talked to my family about these issues and they felt the same way I did. At that point in my life I realized that my house was not just higher up on the hill for no reason, my political views were completely different from the people that lived just below me. Evidence once again that social class and education had an influence on a person’s views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my last paper I stated my feelings about the tax issues all Americans face day to day. I felt that Americans are paying too much tax’s with very little benefits to our country. People on social programs such as social security and Medicare benefit from the tax payer’s dollars. I still do not agree with social programs providing cash to those people. Growing up, I was taught that I had to work for what I wanted. People on those programs are being taught at a very early age that they don’t have to work for what they want. A great solution to social programs is very simple. Food, shelter and work programs can ensure t... ...at don’t care about the poor people at all. Another lie made up by our very liberal news papers and television shows. Contributing to the miss-education of our country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issues that I have discussed today, and my responses to them fall into the category of a moderate conservative. I agree in the way the government is being run but it can use a few changes. I am a strong supporter of capitalism; therefore I do not care to provide money for social programs, which will benefit the freeloaders of our society. The next step is education. We must provide the best education to improve the future of our country; therefore the American people should not rely on the media to make their political decisions. If anyone agrees with the responses to these issues they may fall into the category of a moderate conservative. A moderate conservative would be ok with there being a limited government, not everyone is capable of political leadership. With all the information that I have provided, I feel that I am a moderate conservative. I agree with conservative side more than anything else but I still feel that there are some things that need to b e modified for the success of our country.

Aquafarming and Pacific White Shrimp

IntroductionGrameneralAquaculture is the agriculture and active farming or production of aquatic beings such as fish, mollusk, crustaceans and aquatic workss in controlled environments. It is besides known as aquafarming. Nowadays, this animal-based food-producing sector has increased in footings of its importance due to the addition of planetary human population demand. The rush of aquaculture is besides due to it supply a batch of extra employment for the increased figure of under-employed fishermen or husbandmans every bit good as the rural inhabitants, increased fuel’s monetary value which lead to the rise of angling operations cost, and the inclined figure of demand for crustaceans like runts and shrimps ( FAO, 1987 ) . Asia as a whole accounted about 90 per centum of planetary aquaculture production with China being the chief manufacturers ( FAO, 2013 ) . Aquaculture accounts 47 per centum of all fish supplies destined for non merely direct human nutrient ingestion, but besides processed into fishmeal and oil as animate being provender ; carnivorous aquatic species such as runt, trout and salmon, and for other animate beings such as hogs, poulets and family pets ( FAO, 2013 ) . Direct human ingestion used about 86 % of entire piscary production, while the staying 14 % was used in fabrication of fishmeal and fish oil ( FAO, 2010 ) . Aquaculture system can be differentiated by its degree of direction ; extended, semi-intensive and intensive. Extensive civilization system fundamentally depends to the full on nutrients which occur of course in the system such as planktons and did non have any knowing nutritionary inputs. This type of system allows the stock to turn by itself as less attempt is apply into the civilization system. It besides depends on H2O flow to convey the nutrients, so normally it is done in the ocean, lakes and river. Other than that, extended system besides has a few negative effects as it depend on the surrounding conditions for the mortality and survival rate of the stocks. While for intensive civilization system, it requires the aquaculturists to hold high understanding about the stocks as they have higher control over the civilization system than extended system. Their provenders are besides need to be well-prepared with balanced nutrition and so pelleted to advance higher endurance rate. Al though it requires higher cost and works, it produces highest output than both extended and semi-intensive civilization system which still requires unreal nutrient to be accompanied with natural nutrient supply. Other than freshwater fishes, species that besides produced in aquaculture included mollusk ( 23.6 per centum ) , crustaceans ( 9.6 per centum ) , and other aquatic animate beings. While the production of crustaceans itself consists of fresh water and Marine species. Examples of commercial runt species arePenaeus Monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus stylirostris,Phosphorusenaeusindicus, PenaeusmerguiensisandPhosphorusenaueschinensis.Liter.vannameior besides called as Whiteleg shrimp rise as the most preferable species of Marine and fresh water for civilization crushing the tiger shrimp,P. Monodonas it lost its influence in this last decennary due to outbreak of diseases ( FAO, 2012 ) . As white topographic point disease ( WSD ) start to outbreak, it caused high desolation in economic as the mortality rate increased dramatically and caused a large loss to the shrimp civilization ( Gunalan B. , et al. , 2011 ) . After uninterrupted hunt for the options for shrimp civilization, at 200 1,L. vannameiis introduced in Asia. The species commercial civilization began in South and Central America and subsequently the aquafarming ofL. vannameigo the most of import in Mexico. Although the commercial civilization ofL. vannameipunctuated with its slope and diminution tendencies after the ‘la Nina’ calamity, the production of the species has grown to over 270 000 metric tons by 2004 ( FAO, 2014 ) . There are a few grounds as to whyL. vannameiis more favorable thanP. Monodon. One of it is it merely require low protein in its diet ( 30 per centum ) thanP. Monodon( 45 per centum ) which is more carnivorous, so the provender cost is a batch lower than the 1 withP. Monodon( FAO, 2014 ) . Other than that, it besides has higher survival rate and is a batch easier to civilization ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . L. vannamei aslo can be cultured in low salt H2O as it can turn efficaciously and able to last at utmost salts status ( LukeA. & A ; D. AllenDavis, 2010 ) . However, many Asiatic states so unwilling to go on to bring forth these shrimp species as they fear on the possibility of the eruption of new alien disease that can be transmitted to native penaeid runts at their states. So, the civilization merely been applied in Malaysia, Cambodia, India, Philippines and Myanmar. Of all types of broodstock, merely Specific Pathogen Free ( SPF ) / Specific Pathogen Resistant ( SPR ) broodstock is allow ed to be imported in Thailand and Indonesia ( FAO, 2014 ) . Shrimp agriculture in Malaysia has started since 1930s, which so led to larger scale civilization production. Its life rhythm includes larval phase and full-blown phase, in which require both natural provenders and unrecorded nutrients. Due to authorities support, farmer’s active engagement, intensive preparation to husbandmans, increased engineering and steady market’s monetary value, the runt agriculture industry has rises systematically ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . Although its being patterns widely all over the universe, runt agriculture has a few impacts that needed to be taken attention of. These include its impact to environmental and its sustainability. The impacts can be categorised in direct or indirect impacts. Mangrove ecosystems being cleared out to do infinite for shrimps’ civilization pool doing more than 50 per centum of it to decrease, and the nutrient webs besides will alterations due to the runt agriculture. Habitat loss besides is included in indirect consequence of runt farming to environment. Land required for it besides will subsequently go increased in monetary value particularly in Peninsular Malaysia. While for direct impacts, it include new species and familial stuff to be introduce. As the runt farming industry will let go of their waste and toxic substances to environment, it will do pollution and eutrophication. Disease eruption, for illustrations White topographic point ( WSSV ) , Taura Syndrome and Vibriosis, besides will severely impact the environment as it will impact other wild penaeid runt populations ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ; SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . However, these will non do the industry to diminish because new runt farms will be developed at much higher rate than before ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ) . Overfeeding besides has chance to go on and this will take to protein beginnings being uneconomical. Feed is an of import facet in success of shrimp aquaculture. During the disease eruption, antibiotics are used hyperbolically since it can battle infective beings. This lead to it being banned by European Union ( EU ) in 2006 as they found out that antibiotic can give harmful consequence to the host species, human as consumer and the environment itself. To avoid any losingss, they decided to happen the options for antibiotics. Of all the options, organic acids seems to be most appropriate for the function as surveies has shown that organic acids and its salts can advance both growing and feed use and besides increase the species opposition towards diseases ( W. K.Ng & A ; C. B.Koh, 2011 ) . Still, there is non adequate survey has been done or published sing the usage of organic acids as aquafeeds for shrimp aquaculture ( Koh C.B. , et al. , 2013 ) . Therefore this survey is been conducted to understand the consequence of organics acids on the growing and wellness public presentation of L. vannamei, in footings of it weight and disease opposition.AimAim of this experiment include:To find the consequence of dietetic organic acids in commercial runt provenders on the growing public presentation and wellness of the Pacific white runt,Litopenaeus vannameistation larvae.To analyze the consequence of dietetic organic acids on provender use efficiency.To measure the entire feasible bacterial and presumptiveVibriocounts in the hepatopancreas and intestine andhepatopancreas histopathology.Resistance toVoltibrioparahemolyticuschallenge.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp are marine crustaceans that can establish on the river beds and ocean floors around the universe, filtrating sand and atoms in the H2O. As forL. vannamei, or its common name Whiteleg runt are under the order Decapoda. As the name Decapoda implies, all decapods have ten legs ; five braces of legs on the chief portion of the organic structure, plus five braces of pleopods on the venters or tail. Differ from other Decapoda, this species tend to be larger than the Caridean runt species and are commercially of import. Liter.vannameiis first described by Lee Boone in 1931. At that clip, this new species was rescued for scientific discipline from the native fish market in Panama City, March 25, 1926( Boone, 1931) .Liter.vannameiare native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Mexican province of Sonora as far south as northern Peru. It is restricted to countries where the H2O temperature remains above 20 Â °C ( 68 Â °F ) throughout the twelvemonth. Adults unrecorded and spawn in the unfastened ocean, while station larvae migrate inshore to pass their juvenile, stripling and sub-adult phases in coastal estuaries, lagunas or mangrove countries. This species is besides dominant at Guatemala and El Salvador( FAO, 1980 ) . Liter.vannameihas dais which reasonably long with 7-10 dorsal and 2-4 ventral length. Its coloring material is usually semitransparent white, but this can alter depending on its provender, substrate and H2O turbidness (FAO, 2006) . Its maximal entire length can make until 230 millimeters. While it’s shell length can make until 90 millimeters maximal.L. vannameican be wrongly thought asPenaeus stylirostris, but it really has distinguishable characteristic that differentiate them fromP. stylirostris.Liter. vannameiis by and large less compressed laterally thanP. stylirostris. Its average Carina of the shell besides does non widen rather to the posterior border. Its first three abdominal sections are sturdier and have more developed epimera thanP. stylirostris(Boone, 1931) . InLiter. vannameimature males, its petasma is symmetrical and semi-open. Its spermatophores which are dwelling of sperm mass are complex. Males become mature from 20 g. While for the mature female, they have unfastened thelycum. Females become mature from 28 g onwards at the age of 6–7 months. FemalesLiter. vannameinormally grow faster and larger than the males (FAO, 2006) . Its life rhythm consists of an pelagic planktonic larval phase with its first phase larvae being termed nauplii. Nauplii live on their yolk militias, so it does non feed. The following larval phase which is protozoea, Mysis and early postlarvae remain planktonic for some clip. They feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Next are an estuarial station larva-to-juvenile phase, and a return to the marine environment as an grownup to get down feeding on benthal debris, worms, pelecypods and other crustaceans, mature and spawn (Valles-Jimenez, et al. , 2005 ; FAO, 2006) . L. vannameiis used as introduced species in aquaculture. It has the ability to accommodate to alterations in salt, pH and dissolved O degrees (Rosenberry, 1999) . The production of the species in their native part is shown to be lower than that in the part where they were introduced. For illustration, their production in Asia and the Pacific part was 1.1 million metric tons compared with in Latin America and the Caribbean which merely 266 000 metric tons. This can be happened as the switching from the usage ofP. MonodontoLiter. vannameihappened in China and many of the states in Asia (FAO, 2006) . The shifting may be because of the provender costs forLiter. vannameiis by and large less thanP. Monodonas L. vannamei merely necessitate 18-35 % of protein compared to 36-42 % for P. Monodon (FAO, 2006) . Other than that,Liter. vannameiare easier to reproduce and has unvarying growing rate thanP. Monodonwhich lead to its success in selling. AsL. vannameiable to bring forth specific pathogen free ( SPF ) , it can easy come in in Asiatic market. But the production will lowered if they suffer from diseases like White Spot Syndrome Virus ( WSSV ) in which the septic runt shows reduced nutrient ingestion and Taura Syndrome which makes the juvenile shrimp become weak, has soft shell, empty intestine and its ruddy chromatophores in extremities to spread expand. There besides other diseases such as Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic mortification ( IHHNV ) which cause Runt Deformity Syndrome ( RDS ) , Baculoviral Midgut Gland Necrosis ( BMN ) , and Vibriosis ( FAO, 2006 ) . These diseases can be reduced by holding good direction of the H2O system, provenders, armored combat vehicles and the runt itself. 2.2Use of organic acids in provenders As the aquaculture production become intense, jobs sing diseases besides increase. This finally led to over-use of antibiotics to forestall these diseases which so harmed the environment, human population and the carnal itself. Since 1986, the utilizations of antibiotic growing boosters ( AGP ) are easy being banned around the universe as in Sweden entire prohibition were done. Later in 1997, Europian Union ( EU ) has banned the usage of avoparcin. While in 1999, bacitracin, spiramycin, tylosin and virginiamycin are banned in EU. This finally led to a entire prohibition of the usage of all antibiotics in EU at 2006 (Robert, 2011) . After the forbiddance of antibiotics at 2006, organic acids are used as alternate to these AGP. Formic, lactic, benzoic and propionic acids are illustrations of organic acids. It is already been used as storage preservatives for nutrient and provender ingredients for a long clip (Ng, et al. , 2011) . The first proficient study sing the usage of these acidifiers appears even since 1960’s where it is used in hog eating to see the consequence in their growing and public presentation. In this hog feeding experiment entirely ; more than 500 surveies have been published on the usage of acidifiers (Bernd, 2011) . These organic acids which have low pKa values are effectual at low environment pH and as microbic in acidic tummy part. It has been good documented that these organic acids can beneficially better provender consumption, growing and feed use efficiency when Federal at moderate degrees (Alp, et al. , 1999 ; Kluge, et al. , 2006 ; Robert, 2011) . Study besides has been done to demo that although there is deficiency of impact on growing rate or provender use shown, the provender transition ratio ( FCR ) , and in-between bowel to organic structure weight ratio is increased significantly due to the presence of acerb salt blend (Ng, et al. , 2011) .

A Narrative Of The Life Of Mrs. Mary Jemison Essays - Free Essays

A Narrative Of The Life Of Mrs. Mary Jemison Essays - Free Essays A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison In my reading of A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, written by James E. Seaver and edited by June Namias, I discovered many things I did not know about not only the Seneca Indians, but also the other Iroquois tribes within upstate New York. I enjoyed the perspective this book gives the reader. The story is told from someone that was introduced to the Indians, not as an original member of the tribe, but from someone that was captured by these Indians at an early age and assimilated into their culture. It serves as a direct source of information from a person that was taught everything about being an Indian. The information comes from someone that wasn?t born into the culture, and I think that is what gives the book so much life. The fact that she came from a whole different culture shows us the comparisons she makes, between the people she was once with and the people she resided with till her last days. Mary gives the book a feeling like you are almost there, like being a part of the story. Her strength is something that I thought was a crucial part of the story. The ordeal she went through and how well she dealt with everything ,in my mind, really made the story. The fact of how well she adapted to the Indian culture itself is simply amazing. It says a lot about this culture when you look at the countless number of times she was offered a chance to free herself from them and be liberated back to her own people. Through all the hardships she had to go through, when captured by the Indians and French, her family being murdered, and the unseen future she was to face, she still stood by her new-found family. The scope of this book and the time period it covers is incredible. From the readings in class and the narrative, I found the relationship between the Indians and the Revolutionary had war peaked my interest. It proves to be a profound turning point , not only in the history of the Iroquois Indians, but all tribes within the American frontier. I became particularly interested in the predicament the Iroquois had been placed in, and what they tried to accomplish to survive in this war between the patriots that bordered their land and the mother country that had originally sent these colonists over. There had been a long history of both trust and friendship between the Iroquois and Britain. But the patriots had a certain appeal to the Indians. These patriots longed for a government much like the Indians had in place, and saw the wisdom in Indian views. A local government, where everyone either voted or council was held to discuss the issue, was the choice among these two groups. They both shared a distrust of a singular, central government body ruling over all. This is part of the enduring gift that the United States had received from the Iroquois and other Indian people, through their knowledge with the government they had in place.1 The young American Congress realized how important these Indian people were towards winning the Revolution. To attempt to secure the Indians as allies, Congress setup a commission that split the Indian country into three sections, sending three representatives to the northern department, and one each to the remaining. This was in fact copying what the French had done to receive the favor of Indian nations. Failing in doing so, they sought after the neutrality of the Iroquois Confederacy and its affiliates. The British, on the other hand, were having problems with the Indians even before the outset of the war. Indians were upset with the fact the British government was not enforcing treaties it had setup, such as settlers moving west of the 1763 Proclamation Line. They grew tired of these occurrences, and wanted actions, not promises. But in Britain?s defense, how could it govern these settlers that closely from three thousand miles away? It was indeed an impossible task, and they sou ght other means for compensating the Iroquois for their losses. But, seeing they